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 THE SANSKRIT LANGUAGE

 

 

SANSKRIT

LANGUAGE

O Bṛhaspati, when in giving names

they first set forth the beginning of Language,

Their most excellent and spotless secret

was laid bare through love,

When the wise ones formed Language with their mind,

purifying it like grain with a winnowing fan,

Then friends knew friendships –

an auspicious mark placed on their language.

— Rigveda 10.71.1–4

Translated by Roger Woodard

Extant manuscripts in Sanskrit number over 30 million, one hundred times those in Greek and Latin combined, constituting the largest cultural heritage that any civilization has produced prior to the invention of the printing press.

— Foreword of Sanskrit Computational Linguistics (2009), Gérard Huet, Amba Kulkarni and Peter Scharf

		Independent form	IAST/ ISO	IPA		Independent form	IAST/ ISO	IPA
kaṇṭhya (Guttural)		अ	a	/ɐ/		आ	ā	/ɑː/
tālavya (Palatal)		इ	i	/i/		ई	ī	/iː/
oṣṭhya (Labial)		उ	u	/u/		ऊ	ū	/uː/
mūrdhanya (Retroflex)		ऋ	ṛ/r̥	/r̩/		ॠ	ṝ/r̥̄	/r̩ː/
dantya (Dental)		ऌ	ḷ/l̥	/l̩/		(ॡ)	(ḹ/l̥̄)[r]	/l̩ː/
kaṇṭhatālavya (Palatoguttural)		ए	e/ē	/eː/		ऐ	ai	/ɑj/
kaṇṭhoṣṭhya (Labioguttural)		ओ	o/ō	/oː/		औ	au	/ɑw/
(consonantal allophones)		अं	aṃ/aṁ	/ɐ̃/		अः	aḥ[221]	/ɐh/

sparśa (Plosive)

anunāsika (Nasal)

antastha (Approximant)

ūṣman/saṃgharṣhī (Fricative)

Voicing →

aghoṣa

ghoṣa

aghoṣa

Aspiration →

alpaprāṇa

mahāprāṇa

alpaprāṇa

mahāprāṇa

alpaprāṇa

mahāprāṇa

kaṇṭhya (Guttural)

क

ka

/k/

ख

kha

/kʰ/

ग

ga

/ɡ/

घ

gha

/ɡʱ/

ङ

ṅa

/ŋ/

ह

ha

/ɦ/

tālavya (Palatal)

च

ca

/t͜ɕ/

छ

cha

/t͜ɕʰ/

ज

ja

/d͜ʑ/

झ

jha

/d͜ʑʱ/

ञ

ña

/ɲ/

य

ya

/j/

श

śa

/ɕ/

mūrdhanya (Retroflex)

ट

ṭa

/ʈ/

ठ

ṭha

/ʈʰ/

ड

ḍa

/ɖ/

ढ

ḍha

/ɖʱ/

ण

ṇa

/ɳ/

र

ra

/ɾ/

ष

ṣa

/ʂ/

dantya (Dental)

त

ta

/t/

थ

tha

/tʰ/

द

da

/d/

ध

dha

/dʱ/

न

na

/n/

ल

la

/l/

स

sa

/s/

oṣṭhya (Labial)

प

pa

/p/

फ

pha

/pʰ/

ब

ba

/b/

भ

bha

/bʱ/

म

ma

/m/

व

va

/ʋ/

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